.TH m.ll2u
.nh
.SH NAME
\fIm.ll2u\fR \- Converts geographic coordinates to Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM) coordinates.
.br
(GRASS Data Import/Processing Program) \fR
.SH SYNOPSIS
\fBm.ll2u\fR
.br
\fBm.ll2u help\fR
.br
\fBm.ll2u \fR[\fB-rwoz\fR] \fBspheroid\*=\fIname \fR[\fBzone\*=\fIvalue\fR] [\fBinput\*=\fIname\fR] [\fBoutput\*=\fIname\fR]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I m.ll2u
converts geographic coordinates (i.e., latitudes and longitudes)
to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) eastings and northings.
The user must specify the spheroid on which to base the UTM conversion.
The user may optionally specify the UTM zone;  however, the program can determine
this from the geographic coordinates submitted.

The list of spheroids available is somewhat dynamic.
At the time of this release, available spheroids included:
airy, australian, bessel, clark66, everest, grs80, hayford,
international, krasovsky, wgs66, wgs72, and wgs84 (see table below).

This command can be run either non-interactively or interactively.
The user can run the program non-interactively by entering desired flag settings
and parameter values on the command line using the following format:
.LP
.RS
\fBm.ll2u \fR[\fB-rwoz\fR] \fBspheroid\*=\fIname \fR[\fBzone\*=\fIvalue\fR] [\fBinput\*=\fIname\fR] [\fBoutput\*=\fIname\fR]
.RE
.LP

Alternately, the user can simply type:
.LP
.RS
\fBm.ll2u\fR
.RE
.LP
on the command line.  In this case, the user will be prompted for
parameter values and flag settings through the standard interface described
in the manual entry for \fIparser\fR.

Input can be entered from the keyboard or from an input file.
In either case, input should be entered with one longitude and latitude pair per line,
in either of the below forms:
.nf
.LP
.RS
degrees:minutes:seconds{E|W} degrees:minutes:seconds{N|S}
degrees:minutes:seconds{E|W} degrees:minutes:seconds{N|S}
degrees:minutes:seconds{E|W} degrees:minutes:seconds{N|S}
degrees:minutes:seconds{E|W} degrees:minutes:seconds{N|S}
  .
  .
end
.RE
.LP
.fi
.nf
.LP
.RS
degrees.decimal{E|W} degrees.decimal{N|S}
degrees.decimal{E|W} degrees.decimal{N|S}
degrees.decimal{E|W} degrees.decimal{N|S}
degrees.decimal{E|W} degrees.decimal{N|S}
  .
  .
end
.RE
.LP
.fi
If the user sets the -r flag, \fIm.ll2u\fR will expect the order of the
coordinates to be reversed, and stated as latitude, longitude pairs,
rather than as longitude, latitude pairs.

Similarly, the user can elect to send output to an output file or (by default)
to standard output (the user's terminal screen).  If the user sets the -w flag,
output will be printed in a format suitable for input to programs like \fId.points\fR.
Example input and output are shown below (see EXAMPLE).

Program flag settings and parameters have the following meanings.
.LP
\fBFlags:\fR
.IP \fB-r\fR 18
The order of coordinates is reversed in the input, and entered as:  \fIlat lon\fR
.IP \fB-w\fR 18
Do not flag invalid lon,lat input lines as errors.
.IP \fB-o\fR 18
Flag other invalid input lines as errors.
.IP \fB-z\fR 18
Suppress printing of the UTM zone in the output.  (Note.  This will produce
output in a format suitable for direct input to programs like \fId.points\fR.)

.LP
\fBParameters:\fR
.IP \fBspheroid\*=\fIname\fR 18
Reference spheroid (ellipsoid).
.br
Options:  airy, australian, bessel, clark66, everest, grs80, hayford,
international, krasovsky, wgs66, wgs72, wgs84
.IP \fBzone\*=\fIvalue\fR 18
UTM zone number (results will be forced into this UTM zone).
.br
Options:  1-60
.IP \fBinput\*=\fIname\fR 18
Name of an existing input file containing longitude, latitude coordinates to be
converted.  Input lines may either be input in the form of
degrees:minutes:seconds, or as decimal degrees.  If input as decimal
degrees, \fIm.ll2u\fR recognizes negative numbers.
.IP \fBoutput\*=\fIname\fR 18
Name to be assigned to the output file containing UTM coordinates and zone designations.
.LP

AVAILABLE SPHEROIDS
.br
(\fIThe on-line listing includes only the spheroid names\fR)
.sp .25
.TS
l|c|l|l
l|c|l|l
l|l|l|l.
Spheroid:	Semi-major axis	Eccentricity sqrd (e), Flattening (f),	Commonly used for:
	(Equatorial Radius) (a):	or Polar Radius (b):	
_
airy	a\*=6377563.396	e\*=.006670540	
australian	a\*=6378160	f\*=1/298.25	Australia
bessel	a\*=6377397.155	e\*=.006674372	Japan
clark66	a\*=6378206.4	b\*=6356583.8	N. America
everest	a\*=6377276.345	e\*=.0066378466	India, Burma
grs80	a\*=6378137	f\*=1/298.257	
hayford	a\*=6378388	f\*=1/297	
international	a\*=6378388	f\*=1/297	Europe
krasovsky	a\*=6378245	f\*=1/298.3	
wgs66	a\*=6378145	f\*=1/298.25	worldwide coverage
wgs72	a\*=6378135	f\*=1/298.26	worldwide coverage
wgs84	a\*=6378137	f\*=1/298.257223563	worldwide coverage
.TE
.SH EXAMPLE
Assume the user has input the command:
.LP
.RS
\fBm.ll2u  spheroid\*=wgs72  input\*=ll.infile  output\*=utm.outfile \fR
.RE
.LP
where the input file \fIll.infile\fR contains the following longitude, latitude values:
.nf
.LP
.RS
155:30:00W 19:35:00N
165:30:00W 19:35:00N
145:30:00W 20:00:00N
135:30:00W 21:00:00N
end
.RE
.LP
.fi
Output would then be sent to the output file \fIutm.outfile\fR,
containing the below Easting and Northing coordinate values and UTM zone
designations:
.nf
.LP
.RS
237740.85270818 2167292.1076231 5
447560.64349407 2165450.19058336 3
656921.61734802 2212183.40032627 6
448035.11644906 2322228.3038167 8
end
.RE
.LP
.fi
.SH NOTES
Spheroids, the solids associated with an ellipse, are also known
as ellipsoids.  They are used as the best possible model to
simulate the shape of the earth with its flattened
poles and bulging equator.  They are the mathematical
means for establishing control points to use as a
reference when determining exact locations on the earth.
A cohesive set of these control points is called a \fBdatum\fR.

The spheroids listed above have
been used as the basis for a number of different datums.
The North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) was based on the
Clark 1866 ("clark66") spheroid.  This was a recent current standard datum for North
America.  Be aware, however, that a new datum, NAD 83, has been
developed using the Geodetic Reference System 1980 spheroid;
this is now available in \fIm.ll2u\fR as the "grs80" spheroid.
The "wgs66", "wgs72", and "wgs84" spheroids are for worldwide use.
The "wgs72" spheroid has been used fairly widely by the Department of Defense (DOD)
and is the basis for the World Geodetic System 1972 datum.
This datum has also been recently replaced;
the new DOD datum is WGS 84 (wgs84).
Both datums are available within \fIm.ll2u\fR.

To use spheroids other than those listed here, the user can add lines to the
ellipsoid parameter definition file in $GISBASE/etc/ellipse.table.

Read the marginalia of your source map to determine
which spheroid was used to produce the map on which you are working.

This program recognizes negative numbers if coordinates are
input in decimal degrees rather than in the form of
degrees:minutes:seconds.

This program has received only limited testing.
It should be used with some caution.
.SH FILES
See ellipsoid parameter definition file in $GISBASE/etc/ellipse.table.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
For australian, clark66, grs80, hayford, international, krasovsky, and wgs72
ellipsoid parameters, see:
.br
John P. Snyder, \fIMap Projections - A  Working  Manual\fR,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1989.
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395;  from Table 1, p.12.
.LP
For bessel, airy, everest, and wgs66 ellipsoid parameter values, see:
.br
Thomas O. Seppelin, \fIThe  Department  of Defense World
Geodetic System 1972\fR, presented at the International
Symposium on Problems Related to the Redefinition of
North American Geodetic Networks, Fredericton, New 
Brunswick, Canada in May, 1974;  see Table 9, p.35.
.LP
For wgs84 parameter values, see:
.br
U.S. Naval Oceanographic Labs.
.LP
Also read GRASS User's Reference Manual entries for:
.br
.I d.labels,
.I d.points,
.I d.sites,
.I d.where,
.I m.datum.shift,
.I m.gc2ll,
.I m.ll2gc,
.I m.u2ll,
and
.I parser
.SH AUTHOR
Michael Shapiro, U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory