\chapter{Модули GRASS}\label{appdx_grass_toolbox_modules}

% when the revision of a section has been finalized,
% comment out the following line:
% \updatedisclaimer

<<Оболочка GRASS>> в панели <<Инструменты GRASS>> предоставляет доступ почти ко всем
(более чем к 300) модулям GRASS в режиме командной строки. Чтобы предложить
более дружественную к пользователю рабочую среду, примерно 200 из числа
доступных модулей и их функций представлены также в графических диалогах
(меню).

\section{Модули GRASS}\index{GRASS!панель инструментов!модули}

Ознакомиться с полным списком модулей GRASS, доступных из QGIS можно в
GRASS wiki:
\url{http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/GRASS-QGIS_relevant_module_list}

%This Section lists all graphical dialogs in the GRASS Toolbox to import and
%export data into a currently selected GRASS location and mapset.
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{2.5cm}|p{11.5cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Raster and Image data import modules in the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline r.in.arc & Convert an ESRI ARC/INFO ascii raster file (GRID) into a
%  (binary) raster map layer\\
%  \hline r.in.ascii & Convert an ASCII raster text file into a (binary)
%  raster map layer \\
%  \hline r.in.aster & Georeferencing, rectification, and import of
%  Terra-ASTER imagery and relative DEM's using gdalwarp \\
%  \hline r.in.bin & Import binary raster \\
%  \hline r.in.gdal &  Import GDAL supported raster file into a GRASS binary
%  raster map layer \\
%  \hline g.proj.wkt & Create new location from .prj (WKT) file \\
%  \hline r.in.gdal.loc &  Import GDAL supported raster file into a GRASS
%  binary raster map layer and create a fitted location \\
%  \hline r.in.gdal.qgis & Import loaded raster into a GRASS binary raster map
%  layer \\
%  \hline r.in.gdal.qgis.loc &  Import loaded raster file into a GRASS binary
%  raster map layer and create a fitted location \\
%  \hline r.in.gridatb & Imports GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL) into GRASS
%  raster map \\
%  \hline r.in.mat  & Import a binary MAT-File(v4) to a GRASS raster  \\
%  \hline r.in.poly  &  Create raster maps from ascii polygon/line data files
%  in the current directory \\
%  \hline r.in.srtm  & Import SRTM HGT files into GRASS \\
%  \hline i.in.spotvgt & Import of SPOT VGT NDVI file into a raster map \\
%  \hline r.in.wms & Download and import data from WMS server \\
%  \hline r.external & Link GDAL supported raster to binary raster \\
%  \hline r.external.qgis & Link GDAL supported raster to binary raster map layer \\
%  \hline r.external & Link all GDAL supported rasters in a directory to binary rasters  \\
%  \hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Raster and Image data import modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[htb]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{2.5cm}|p{11.5cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Vector data import modules in the GRASS
%Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline v.in.db & Import vector points from database containing coordinates \\
%  \hline v.in.dxf & Import DXF vector layer \\
%  \hline v.in.e00 & Import ESRI E00 file in a vector map \\
%  \hline v.in.garmin & Import vector from gps using gpstrans \\
%  \hline v.in.gpsbabel & Import vector from gps using gpsbabel \\
%  \hline v.in.geonames & Import geonames.org country files \\
%  \hline v.in.gns & Import USNGS Geonet Names Server (GNS) country file  \\
%  \hline v.in.mapgen & Import MapGen or MatLab vectors in GRASS \\
%  \hline v.in.ogr & Import OGR/PostGIS vector layers \\
%  \hline v.in.ogr.qgis & Import loaded vector layers into GRASS binary
%  vector map \\
%  \hline v.in.ogr.loc & Import OGR/PostGIS vector layers and create a fitted
%  location \\
%  \hline v.in.ogr.qgis.loc & Import loaded vector layers into GRASS binary
%  vector map and create a fitted location \\
%  \hline v.in.ogr.all & Import all the OGR/PostGIS vector layers in a given
%  data source \\
%  \hline v.in.ogr.all.loc & Import all the OGR/PostGIS vector layers in a
%  given data source and create a fitted location \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Vector data import modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{2.5cm}|p{11.5cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Database import modules in the GRASS
%Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline db.in.ogr & Import attribute tables in various formats \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Database import modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Raster and Image data export modules in
%the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline r.out.gdal & Export raster to various formats (GDAL library) \\
%  \hline r.out.gdal.gtiff & Export raster layer to Geo TIFF \\
%  \hline r.out.ascii & Export raster to ASCII text file \\
%  \hline r.out.arc & Converts a raster map layer into an ESRI ARCGRID file \\
%  \hline r.out.xyz & Export raster to text file as x,y,z values based on cell centers \\
%  \hline r.gridatb & Exports GRASS raster map to GRIDATB.FOR map file
%  (TOPMODEL) \\
%  \hline r.out.mat & Exports a GRASS raster to a binary MAT-File \\
%  \hline r.out.bin & Exports a GRASS raster to a binary array \\
%  \hline r.out.mpeg & Export raster series to MPEG movie \\
%  \hline r.out.png & Export GRASS raster as non-georeferenced PNG image
%  format \\
%  \hline r.out.ppm & Converts a GRASS raster map to a PPM image file at the
%  pixel resolution of the CURRENTLY DEFINED REGION \\
%  \hline r.out.ppm3 & Converts 3 GRASS raster layers (R,G,B) to a PPM image
%  file at the pixel resolution of the CURRENTLY DEFINED REGION \\
%  \hline r.out.pov & Converts a raster map layer into a height-field file for
%  POVRAY\\
%  \hline r.out.tiff & Exports a GRASS raster map to a 8/24bit TIFF image file
%  at the pixel resolution of the currently defined region\\
%  \hline r.out.vrml &  Export a raster map to the Virtual Reality Modeling
%  Language (VRML)\\
%  \hline r.out.vtk & Export raster layer to VTK-ASCII \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Raster and Image data export modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Vector data export modules in the GRASS
%Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline v.out.ogr & Export vector layer to various formats (OGR library) \\
%  \hline v.out.ogr.gml & Export vector layer to GML \\
%  \hline v.out.ogr.pg & Export vector layer to PostGIS database table \\
%  \hline v.out.ogr.mapinfo & Mapinfo export of vector layer \\
%  \hline v.out.ascii & Convert a GRASS binary vector map to a GRASS ASCII
%  vector map  \\
%  \hline v.out.dxf & converts a GRASS vector map to DXF  \\
%  \hline v.out.pov & Export vector layer to POV-Ray \\
%  \hline v.out.svg & Export vector layer to SVG \\
%  \hline v.out.vtk & Export vector layer to VTK-ASCII \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Vector data export modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Vector table export modules in the
%GRASS Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline db.out.ogr & Export attribute table to various formats  \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Vector data table}
%\end{table}}
%
%
%\section{GRASS Toolbox data type conversion modules}
%
%This Section lists all graphical dialogs in the GRASS Toolbox to convert
%raster to vector or vector to raster data in a currently selected GRASS location
%and mapset.
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Data type conversion modules in the GRASS Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline r.to.vect.point & Convert a raster to vector points \\
%  \hline r.to.vect.line & Convert a raster to vector lines \\
%  \hline r.to.vect.area & Convert a raster to vector areas \\
%  \hline v.to.rast.constant & Convert a vector to raster using constant \\
%  \hline v.to.rast.attr & Convert a vector to raster using attribute values \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
% \caption{GRASS Toolbox: Data type conversion modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%
%\section{GRASS Toolbox region and projection configuration modules}
%
%This Section lists all graphical dialogs in the GRASS Toolbox to manage and
%change the current mapset region and to configure your projection.
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Region and projection configuration
%  modules in the GRASS Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline g.region.save & Save the current region as a named region \\
%  \hline g.region.zoom & Shrink the current region until it meets non-NULL
%   data from a given raster map \\
%  \hline g.region.multiple.raster & Set the region to match multiple raster
%  maps \\
%  \hline g.region.multiple.vector & Set the region to match multiple vector
%  maps \\
%  \hline g.proj.print & Print projection information of the current location\\
%  \hline g.proj.geo & Print projection information from a georeferenced file
%  (raster, vector or image)\\
%  \hline g.proj.ascii.new & Print projection information from a
%  georeferenced ASCII file containing a WKT projection description\\
%  \hline g.proj.proj & Print projection information from a PROJ.4 projection
%  description file\\
%  \hline g.proj.ascii.new & Print projection information from a georeferenced
%  ASCII file containing a WKT projection description and create a new
%  location based on it\\
%  \hline g.proj.geo.new & Print projection information from a georeferenced
%  file (raster, vector or image) and create a new location based on it\\
%  \hline g.proj.proj.new & Print projection information from a PROJ.4
%  projection description file and create a new location based on it \\
%  \hline m.cogo & A simple utility for converting bearing and distance
%  measurements to coordinates and vice versa. It assumes a cartesian
%  coordinate system \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Region and projection configuration modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%
%\section{GRASS Toolbox raster data modules}
%
%This Section lists all graphical dialogs in the GRASS Toolbox to work with
%and analyse raster data in a currently selected GRASS location and mapset.
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Develop raster map modules in the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline r.compress & Compresses and decompresses raster maps \\
%  \hline r.region.region & Sets the boundary definitions to current or
%  default region \\
%  \hline r.region.raster & Sets the boundary definitions from existent raster
%  map\\
%  \hline r.region.vector & Sets the boundary definitions from existent vector map \\
%  \hline r.region.edge & Sets the boundary definitions by edge (n-s-e-w) \\
%  \hline r.region.alignTo & Sets region to align to a raster map\\
%  \hline r.null.val & Transform cells with value in null cells\\
%  \hline r.null.to & Transform null cells in value cells\\
%  \hline r.quant & This routine produces the quantization file for a
%  floating-point map \\
%  \hline r.resamp.stats & Resamples raster map layers using aggregation \\
%  \hline r.resamp.interp & Resamples raster map layers using interpolation \\
%  \hline r.resample & GRASS raster map layer data resampling capability.
%  Before you must set new resolution\\
%  \hline r.resamp.rst & Reinterpolates and computes topographic analysis
%  using regularized spline with tension and smoothing \\
%  \hline r.support & Allows creation and/or modification of raster map layer
%  support files\\
%  \hline r.support.stats & Update raster map statistics \\
%  \hline r.proj & Re-project a raster map from one location to the current
%  location \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Develop raster map modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Raster color management modules in the
%  GRASS Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline r.colors.table & Set raster color table from setted tables \\
%  \hline r.colors.rules & Set raster color table from setted rules \\
%  \hline r.colors.rast & Set raster color table from existing raster \\
%  \hline r.colors.stddev & Set color rules based on standard deviation frommap's mean value \\
%  \hline r.blend & Blend color components for two raster maps by given ratio \\
%  \hline r.composite & Blend red, green, raster layers to obtain one color
%  raster \\
%  \hline r.his & Generates red, green and blue raster map layers combining
%  hue, intensity, and saturation (his) values from user-specified input
%  raster map layers \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Raster color management modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Spatial raster analysis modules in the
%  GRASS Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline r.buffer & Raster buffer \\
%  \hline r.mask & Create a MASK for limiting raster operation \\
%  \hline r.mapcalc & Raster map calculator \\
%  \hline r.mapcalculator & Simple map algebra \\
%  \hline r.neighbors & Raster neighbors analyses \\
%  \hline v.neighbors & Count of neighbouring points \\
%  \hline r.cross & Create a cross product of the category value from multiple
%  raster map layers \\
%  \hline r.series & Makes each output cell a function of the values assigned
%  to the corresponding cells in the output raster map layers\\
%  \hline r.patch & Create a new raster map by combining other raster maps \\
%  \hline r.statistics & Category or object oriented statistics \\
%  \hline r.sunmask.position & Calculate shadow maps from exact sun position \\
%  \hline r.sunmask.date.time & Calculate shadow maps from sun position determined by date/time\\
%  \hline r.cost & Outputs a raster map layer showing the cumulative cost of
%  moving between different geographic locations on an input raster map layer
%  whose cell category values represent cost\\
%  \hline r.drain & Traces a flow through an elevation model on a raster map
%  layer \\
%  \hline r.shaded.relief & Create shaded map \\
%  \hline r.slope.aspect.slope & Generate slope map from DEM (digital
%  elevation model) \\
%  \hline r.slope.aspect.aspect & Generate aspect map from DEM (digital
%  elevation model) \\
%  \hline r.param.scale & Extracts terrain parameters from a DEM \\
%  \hline r.texture & Generate images with textural features from a raster map
%  (first serie of indices)\\
%  \hline r.texture.bis & Generate images with textural features from a raster
%  map (second serie of indices)\\
%  \hline r.los & Line-of-sigth raster analysis \\
%  \hline r.grow.distance & Create raster of distance to features in input layer \\
%  \hline r.clump & Recategorizes into unique categories contiguous cells \\
%  \hline r.grow & Generates a raster map layer with contiguous areas grown by
%  one cell\\
%  \hline r.thin & Thin no-zero cells that denote line features \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Spatial raster analysis modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Hydrologic modelling modules in the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline r.watershed & Watershed Analysis \\
%  \hline r.carve & Takes vector stream data, transforms it to raster, and
%  subtracts depth from the output DEM \\
%  \hline r.fill.dir & Filters and generates a depressionless elevation map
%  and a flow direction map from a given elevation layer \\
%  \hline r.lake.xy & Fills lake from seed point at given level \\
%  \hline r.lake.seed & Fills lake from seed at given level \\
%  \hline r.topidx & Creates topographic index [ln(a/tan(beta))] map from elevation map \\
%  \hline r.basins.fill & Generates a raster map layer showing watershed
%  subbasins \\
%  \hline r.water.outlet & Watershed basin creation program \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Hydrologic modelling modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Raster category and label modules in the GRASS Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline r.reclass.area.greater & Reclasses a raster map greater than user
%  specified area size (in hectares) \\
%  \hline r.reclass.area.lesser & Reclasses a raster map less than user
%  specified area size (in hectares) \\
%  \hline r.reclass & Reclass a raster using a reclassification rules file \\
%  \hline r.recode & Recode raster maps\\
%  \hline r.rescale & Rescales the range of category values in a raster map
%  layer \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Change raster category values and labels modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Surface management modules in the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline r.circle & Create a map containing concentric circles \\
%  \hline r.random & Creates a random vector point map contained in a raster \\
%  \hline r.random.cells & Generates random cell values with spatial
%  dependence \\
%  \hline v.kernel & Gaussian kernel density \\
%  \hline r.contour & Produces a contours vector map with specified step from
%  a raster map\\
%  \hline r.contour2 & Produces a contours vector map of specified contours
%  from a raster map \\
%  \hline r.surf.fractal & Creates a fractal surface of a given fractal
%  dimension\\
%  \hline r.surf.gauss & GRASS module to produce a raster map layer of
%  gaussian deviates whose mean and standard deviation can be expressed by the
%  user \\
%  \hline r.surf.random & Produces a raster map layer of uniform random
%  deviates whose range can be expressed by the user \\
%  \hline r.plane & Create a raster plane \\
%  \hline r.bilinear & Bilinear interpolation utility for raster map layers \\
%  \hline v.surf.bispline & Bicubic or bilinear spline interpolation with
%  Tykhonov regularization\\
%  \hline r.surf.idw & Surface interpolation utility for raster map layers\\
%  \hline r.surf.idw2 & Surface generation program\\
%  \hline r.surf.contour & Surface generation program from rasterized contours \\
%  \hline v.surf.idw & Interpolate attribute values (IDW) \\
%  \hline v.surf.rst & Interpolate attribute values (RST) \\
%  \hline r.fillnulls & Fills no-data areas in raster maps using v.surf.rst
%  splines interpolation \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Surface management modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Reports and statistic analysis modules in the GRASS Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline r.category & Prints category values and labels associated with
%  user-specified raster map layers \\
%  \hline r.sum & Sums up the raster cell values \\
%  \hline r.report & Reports statistics for raster map layers \\
%  \hline r.average & Finds the average of values in a cover map within areas
%  assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map \\
%  \hline r.median & Finds the median of values in a cover map within areas
%  assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map \\
%  \hline r.mode & Finds the mode of values in a cover map within areas
%  assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map.reproject
%  raster image \\
%  \hline r.volume & Calculates the volume of data clumps, and produces a
%  GRASS vector points map containing the calculated centroids of these clumps \\
%  \hline r.surf.area & Surface area estimation for rasters \\
%  \hline r.univar & Calculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells
%  of a raster map \\
%  \hline r.covar & Outputs a covariance/correlation matrix for user-specified
%  raster map layer(s)\\
%  \hline r.regression.line & Calculates linear regression from two raster
%  maps: y = a + b * x \\
%  \hline r.coin & Tabulates the mutual occurrence (coincidence) of categories
%  for two raster map layers\\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Reports and statistic analysis modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%\clearpage
%
%\section{GRASS Toolbox vector data modules}
%
%This Section lists all graphical dialogs in the GRASS Toolbox to work with
%and analyse vector data in a currently selected GRASS location and mapset.
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{3cm}|p{11cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Develop vector map modules in the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline v.build.all & Rebuild topology of all vectors in the mapset \\
%  \hline v.clean.break & Break lines at each intersection of vector map \\
%  \hline v.clean.snap & Cleaning topology: snap lines to vertex in threshold \\
%  \hline v.clean.rmdangles & Cleaning topology: remove dangles \\
%  \hline v.clean.chdangles & Cleaning topology: change the type of boundary
%  dangle to line \\
%  \hline v.clean.rmbridge & Remove bridges connecting area and island or 2
%  islands \\
%  \hline v.clean.chbridge & Change the type of bridges connecting area and
%  island or 2 islands \\
%  \hline v.clean.rmdupl & Remove duplicate lines (pay attention to
%  categories!) \\
%  \hline v.clean.rmdac & Remove duplicate area centroids \\
%  \hline v.clean.bpol & Break polygons. Boundaries are broken on each
%  point shared between 2 and more polygons where angles of segments are
%  different \\
%  \hline v.clean.prune & Remove vertices in threshold from lines and
%  boundaries \\
%  \hline v.clean.rmarea & Remove small areas (removes longest boundary with
%  adjacent area) \\
%  \hline v.clean.rmline & Remove all lines or boundaries of zero length \\
%  \hline v.clean.rmsa & Remove small angles between lines at nodes \\
%  \hline v.type.lb & Convert lines to boundaries \\
%  \hline v.type.bl & Convert boundaries to lines \\
%  \hline v.type.pc & Convert points to centroids \\
%  \hline v.type.cp & Convert centroids to points \\
%  \hline v.centroids & Add missing centroids to closed boundaries  \\
%  \hline v.build.polylines & Build polylines from lines \\
%  \hline v.segment & Creates points/segments from input vector lines and
%  positions \\
%  \hline v.to.points & Create points along input lines \\
%  \hline v.parallel & Create parallel line to input lines \\
%  \hline v.dissolve & Dissolves boundaries between adjacent areas \\
%  \hline v.drape & Convert 2D vector to 3D vector by sampling of elevation
%  raster\\
%  \hline v.transform & Performs an affine transformation on a vector map \\
%  \hline v.proj & Allows projection conversion of vector files \\
%  \hline v.support & Updates vector map metadata \\
%  \hline generalize & Vector based generalization \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Develop vector map modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Database connection modules in the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline v.db.connect & Connect a vector to database \\
%  \hline v.db.sconnect & Disconnect a vector from database \\
%  \hline v.db.what.connect & Set/Show database connection for a vector \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Database connection modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Spatial vector and network analysis modules in the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline v.extract.where & Select features by attributes \\
%  \hline v.extract.list & Extract selected features \\
%  \hline v.select.overlap & Select features overlapped by features in another
%  map\\
%  \hline v.buffer & Vector buffer \\
%  \hline v.distance & Find the nearest element in vector 'to' for elements in
%  vector 'from'. \\
%  \hline v.net & Network maintenance \\
%  \hline v.net.nodes & Create nodes on network \\
%  \hline v.net.alloc & Allocate network\\
%  \hline v.net.iso & Cut network by cost isolines \\
%  \hline v.net.salesman & Connect nodes by shortest route (traveling
%  salesman) \\
%  \hline v.net.steiner & Connect selected nodes by shortest tree (Steiner
%  tree) \\
%  \hline v.patch & Create a new vector map by combining other vector maps \\
%  \hline v.overlay.or & Vector union \\
%  \hline v.overlay.and & Vector intersection \\
%  \hline v.overlay.not & Vector subtraction \\
%  \hline v.overlay.xor & Vector non-intersection \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Spatial vector and network analysis modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Change vector field modules in the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline v.category.add & Add elements to layer (ALL elements of the selected
%  layer type!)\\
%  \hline v.category.del & Delete category values \\
%  \hline v.category.sum & Add a value to the current category values \\
%  \hline v.reclass.file & Reclass category values using a rules file \\
%  \hline v.reclass.attr & Reclass category values using a column attribute
%  (integer positive) \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Change vector field modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Working with vector points modules in the GRASS Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline v.in.region & Create new vector area map with current region extent \\
%  \hline v.mkgrid.region & Create grid in current region \\
%  \hline v.in.db & Import vector points from a database table containing
%  coordinates \\
%  \hline v.random & Randomly generate a 2D/3D GRASS vector point map \\
%  \hline v.perturb & Random location of perturbation of vector points \\
%  \hline v.kcv & Randomly partition points into test/train sets \\
%  \hline v.outlier & Remove outliers from vector point data \\
%  \hline v.hull & Create a convex hull \\
%  \hline v.delaunay.line & Delaunay triangulation (lines) \\
%  \hline v.delaunay.area & Delaunay triangulation (areas) \\
%  \hline v.voronoi.line & Voronoi diagram (lines) \\
%  \hline v.voronoi.area & Voronoi diagram (areas) \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Working with vector points modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Vector update by other maps modules in the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline v.rast.stats & Calculates univariate statistics from a GRASS raster
%  map based on vector objects\\
%  \hline v.what.vect & Uploads map for which to edit attribute table \\
%  \hline v.what.rast & Uploads raster values at positions of vector points to
%  the table \\
%  \hline v.sample & Sample a raster file at site locations \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Vector update by other maps modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Vector report and statistic modules in the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline v.to.db & Put geometry variables in database \\
%  \hline v.report & Reports geometry statistics for vectors \\
%  \hline v.univar & Calculates univariate statistics on selected table column
%  for a GRASS vector map \\
%  \hline v.normal & Tests for normality for points\\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Vector report and statistic modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%\section{GRASS Toolbox imagery data modules}
%
%This Section lists all graphical dialogs in the GRASS Toolbox to work with
%and analyse imagery data in a currently selected GRASS location and mapset.
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Imagery analysis modules in the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline i.image.mosaic & Mosaic up to 4 images \\
%  \hline i.rgb.his & Red Green Blue (RGB) to Hue Intensity Saturation (HIS)
%  raster map color transformation function \\
%  \hline i.his.rgb & Hue Intensity Saturation (HIS) to Red Green Blue (RGB)
%  raster map color transform function \\
%  \hline i.landsat.rgb & Auto-balancing of colors for LANDSAT images \\
%  \hline i.fusion.brovey & Brovey transform to merge multispectral and
%  high-res pancromatic channels \\
%  \hline i.zc & Zero-crossing edge detection raster function for image
%  processing \\
%  \hline r.mfilter &  Raster file matrix filter\\
%  \hline i.tasscap4 & Tasseled Cap (Kauth Thomas) transformation for
%  LANDSAT-TM 4 data \\
%  \hline i.tasscap5 & Tasseled Cap (Kauth Thomas) transformation for
%  LANDSAT-TM 5 data \\
%  \hline i.tasscap7 & Tasseled Cap (Kauth Thomas) transformation for
%  LANDSAT-TM 7 data \\
%  \hline i.fft & Fast fourier transform (FFT) for image processing \\
%  \hline i.ifft & Inverse fast fourier transform for image processing \\
%  \hline r.describe & Prints terse list of category values found in a raster
%  map layer \\
%  \hline r.bitpattern & Compares bit patterns with a raster map \\
%  \hline r.kappa & Calculate error matrix and kappa parameter for accuracy
%  assessment of classification result \\
%  \hline i.oif & Calculates optimal index factor table for landsat tm bands \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Imagery analysis modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%\clearpage
%
%\section{GRASS Toolbox database modules}
%
%This Section lists all graphical dialogs in the GRASS Toolbox to manage,
%connect and work with internal and external databases. Working with spatial
%external databases is enabled via OGR and not covered by these modules.
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Database management and analysis modules in the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline db.connect & Sets general DB connection mapset \\
%  \hline db.connect.schema & Sets general DB connection mapset with a schema \\
%  \hline db.connect-login.pg & Set Postgresql DB connection \\
%  \hline v.db.reconnect.all & Reconnect vector to a new database \\
%  \hline db.login & Set user/password for driver/database \\
%  \hline v.db.addtable & Create and add a new table to a vector \\
%  \hline v.db.droptable & Remove existing attribute table of a vector \\
%  \hline v.db.addcol & Adds one or more columns to the attribute table
%  connected to a given vector map \\
%  \hline v.db.dropcol & Drops a column from the attribute table connected to
%  a given vector map\\
%  \hline v.db.renamecol & Renames a column in a attribute table connected to
%  a given vector map\\
%  \hline v.db.update\_const & Allows to assign a new constant value to a
%  column \\
%  \hline v.db.update\_query & Allows to assign a new constant value to a
%  column only if the result of a query is TRUE \\
%  \hline v.db.update\_op & Allows to assign a new value, result of operation
%  on column(s), to a column in the attribute table connected to a given map\\
%  \hline v.db.update\_op\_query & Allows to assign a new value to a column,
%  result of operation on column(s), only if the result of a query is TRUE \\
%  \hline db.execute & Execute any SQL statement \\
%  \hline db.select & Prints results of selection from database based on SQL \\
%  \hline v.db.select & Prints vector map attributes \\
%  \hline v.db.select.where & Prints vector map attributes with SQL \\
%  \hline v.db.join & Allows to join a table to a vector map table \\
%  \hline v.db.univar & Calculates univariate statistics on selected table
%  column for a GRASS vector map \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Database modules}
%\end{table}}
%
%\clearpage
%
%\section{GRASS Toolbox 3D modules}
%
%This Section lists all graphical dialogs in the GRASS Toolbox to work with 3D
%data. GRASS provides more modules, but they are currently only available using
%the GRASS Shell.
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{3D visualization and analysis modules in the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline nviz & Open 3D-View in nviz\\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: 3D Visualization}
%\end{table}}
%
%\section{GRASS Toolbox help modules}
%
%The GRASS GIS Reference Manual offers a complete overview of the available
%GRASS modules, not limited to the modules and their often reduced functionalities
%implemented in the GRASS Toolbox.
%
%{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.7}
%\begin{table}[H]
%\centering
% \begin{tabular}{|p{4cm}|p{10cm}|}
%  \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\textbf{Reference Manual modules in the GRASS
%  Toolbox}} \\
%  \hline \textbf{Module name} & \textbf{Purpose} \\
%  \hline g.manual & Display the HTML manual pages of GRASS \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{GRASS Toolbox: Reference Manual}
%\end{table}}
%
